What is the Intervillous space?
The intervillous space of the placenta is an expansive vascular space lined by villous syncytiotrophoblast, an essentially continuous, multinucleated cell layer that has several pro- and anticoagulant properties that affect the circulation of maternal blood in the intervillous space.
What is the function of cytotrophoblast?
The primary function of an interstitial cytotrophoblast is to anchor the growing fetus to the maternal uterine tissue. These cells may invade the whole endometrium and the proximal third of the myometrium.
What is cytotrophoblastic shield?
The cytotrophoblastic shell is the external layer of cytotrophoblasts from the fetus that is found on the maternal surface of the placenta. The cytotrophoblastic shell firmly secures the placenta to the mother’s endometrium called the decidua basalis.
What are Syncytiotrophoblastic cells?
The syncytiotrophoblasts are a continuous, specialized layer of epithelial cells. They cover the entire surface of villous trees and are in direct contact with maternal blood. The surface area of syncytiotrophoblasts is about 5 square meters at 28 weeks’ gestation and reaches up to 11–12 square meters at term [1].
What does the umbilical artery do?
The umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood from fetal circulation to the placenta. The two umbilical arteries converge together about at 5 mm from the insertion of the cord, forming a type of vascular connection called the Hyrtl’s anastomosis.
What does the Cytotrophoblast differentiate into?
It is widely accepted that villous cytotrophoblasts from term placentae are committed to differentiate into syncytiotrophoblast (Morrish et al. 1997).
What is the difference between trophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast?
Trophoblasts are specialized cells of the placenta that play an important role in embryo implantation and interaction with the decidualized maternal uterus. The syncytiotrophoblast is composed of fused cytotrophoblasts which then form a layer that covers the placental surface.
What causes Intervillous thrombus?
Intervillous thrombus (IVT) is a placental pathology of unclear cause. One possible cause is that IVT protects against fetomaternal transfusion due to trophoblastic disruption. A role for hyperglycemia in trophoblast apoptosis has been suggested.
What is the use of space function in MS Excel?
Description. The Microsoft Excel SPACE function returns a string with a specified number of spaces. The SPACE function is a built-in function in Excel that is categorized as a String/Text Function. It can be used as a VBA function (VBA) in Excel. As a VBA function, you can use this function in macro code that is entered through…
What is the function of the intervillous space?
The intervillous space has free communication with venous sinusoids at its periphery, and from the 8th week of gestation direct channels can also be observed through the cytotrophoblast shell connecting the maternal spiral arteries with the intervillous space.
How do I remove all spaces from a cell in Excel?
Use Find & Replace function to remove all spaces from cells Besides the above SUBSTITUTE function, the Find & Replace feature can also help to remove all spaces from cells. 1. Select the cells containing spaces you will remove, press the Ctrl + H keys to open the Find and Replace dialog box.
How do you use space in VBA code?
As a VBA function, you can use this function in macro code that is entered through the Microsoft Visual Basic Editor. The number of spaces to be returned. The SPACE function returns a string value. The SPACE function can only be used in VBA code in Microsoft Excel.